![]() The first is that the stroke of these devices is limited to about 40 μm, which for some applications, necessitates the use of dual stage actuation or inchworm actuators which combine brake PZTs with actuation PZTs to extend the dynamic range of these devices. Three main issues, however, compromise the utility of these devices. Due to the piezoelectric effect, it can also be used as a sensor of force or displacement or for energy harvesting since current is produced by the device in response to an applied strain. It is used in various applications as an actuator including micromanipulation and ultrasonics. Due to its physical strength, chemical inertness, tailorability and low manufacturing costs, it is one of the most commonly used piezo ceramics. Lead zirconium titanate (PZT) was first developed around 1952 at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. Taken together, the actuator and sensor model can be used for the development of piezo actuated control algorithms. ![]() Sensors of this type are often used with feedback control to linearize the behavior of the device. In addition, a simplified model of a modulated full bridge strain gauge is derived based on test data which includes the effect of intrinsic bridge imbalance. Data from laboratory experiments using a load frame and free response tests is used to estimate the PZT model parameters. The piezo model can also be used to predict the current usage of the PZT which depends on the slew rate of the voltage applied to the PZT. Modeling of the piezo stack capacitive hysteresis is achieved using backlash basis functions. This model allows for easy integration of the piezo stack with a structural finite element model (FEM) and includes the flow of energy into and out of the piezo element, which is governed by the transducer constant of the piezo element. ![]() In this chapter a full electromechanical model of piezoceramic actuators is presented. ![]()
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